Tarihin Ci Gaban Gilashi

1.1 Asalin Gilashin Duniya
A cewar bayanan tarihi masu dacewa, tun daga kusan 3000 BC zuwa 2000 BC, mutanen Masar ko Mesopotamia sun riga sun haɓaka fasahar kera gilashi mai kyau. Akwai kuma tatsuniya cewa sama da shekaru 3000 da suka gabata, 'yan kasuwar Phoenicians sun gano lu'ulu'u da aka samar ta hanyar sinadaran da ke tsakanin wani ma'adinai mai suna "soda na halitta" (wasu suna cewa saltpeter) da yashi quartz a bakin teku a ƙarƙashin harshen wuta, wanda shine nau'in gilashi na farko. Phoenicians ba su rasa damar kasuwanci ba. Sun yi amfani da wannan sinadaran don samar da yashi mai yawa, tsakuwa, tokar soda, da beads na gilashi da aka haɗa, waɗanda aka sayar a ko'ina. Yayin da suke samun riba mai yawa, sun kuma haɓaka shaharar gilashin farko a duniya, wanda ya ba ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda ke da alaƙar ciniki da Phoenicians damar samun damarsu ta farko ga gilashi mai kyau.
Gilashin Fiennes da Ferret na Phoenician ana ɗaukar su a matsayin majagaba a fannin kayan gilashi. Ci gaban gilashin farko ya kasance cikin manyan lokatai guda huɗu: zamanin wayewa na da (kusan 3500 BC zuwa 1000 BC), zamanin wayewar gargajiya (kusan 100 BC zuwa 500 AD), zamanin wayewar zamanin da (kusan 500 AD zuwa 1500 AD), da Renaissance da zamanin ƙarni na 17 zuwa 19 (kusan 1500 AD zuwa 1890 AD). Bayan haka, yanayin zamantakewa na yanzu ya fara a hankali, tare da gilashin musamman, gilashin fasaha, gilashin ado, da gilashin gine-gine masu rinjaye.
2. Amfani da Gilashi

2.1 Amfani da Gilashi a Tarihi
An fara amfani da gilashi ga abubuwan yau da kullun kamar Kofuna na Gilashi, kwalabe, da faranti. Mutanen Mesopotamiya suna yin tsakiyar ƙasa, wanda aka naɗe shi da zaren gilashi mai laushi da aka yi wa ado da saman don samun kayan gilashi. Kayan gilashin da aka yi ta wannan hanyar galibi suna ɗaukar siffar kwalba kuma ana amfani da su azaman kwantena don ruwa ko abinci.
An yi la'akari da gilashin farko a matsayin launi ɗaya kawai, kore, wanda ke iyakance alkiblar amfani da shi. Sai daga baya mutane suka gano cewa dalilin da yasa gilashin ke nuna launin kore shine saboda kayan da ake amfani da su don yin gilashi suna ɗauke da ƙaramin ƙarfe, kuma mahaɗan ƙarfe masu kama da juna suna sa gilashin ya zama kore. Bayan ƙara manganese dioxide, an sami canjin launi. Wannan canjin launi na musamman da kyau ya ɗauki amfani da gilashin zuwa mataki na gaba - samfuran gilashi masu launi daban-daban sun bayyana. Musamman bayan da Italiyawa suka ƙware a fasahar kera gilashin zamani, ana amfani da gilashin mai launi sosai a cikin gilashin ado na coci-coci, musamman a cikin gine-ginen cocin salon Gothic. Cocin Gothic galibi suna gabatar da tsarin gine-gine mai kaifi da tsayi wanda yake tashi sama, wanda ke sa tagar Faransa mai tsayi ta zama matattarar gilashin da aka fenti. Hasken rana yana haskakawa ta tagogi masu launi zuwa cikin cocin mai tsarki, yana mai da yanayin cocin ya fi tsarki da tsarki.
Bayan haka, an yi amfani da gilashi sosai a masana'antar gine-gine. A shekarar 1833, aka buɗe ginin farko na duniya da aka gina gaba ɗaya da ƙarfe da gilashi, wato Garden des Plantes greenhouse. Ba kamar nauyin gine-ginen dutse ba, gine-ginen gilashi na iya kawo yanayi mai haske da tsabta, wanda mutane suka yaba masa na ɗan lokaci. Misali mafi haske shine wurin bikin baje kolin duniya na London (wanda aka fi sani da "Gidan Crystal") wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Paxton a shekarar 1851, wanda za a iya kiransa haikalin gilashi.

2.2 Gilashin Zamani Aikace-aikace
A zamanin yau, amfani da gilashi ya zama ruwan dare. Gwangwanin Gilashi a rarraba su cikin gilashi mai faɗi da gilashi na musamman. Gilashin lebur galibi an raba shi zuwa nau'i uku: gilashi mai faɗi tare da ramuka ko ba tare da ramuka ba, gilashin lebur tare da hanyar ja mai faɗi, da gilashin iyo. Waɗannan nau'ikan gilashin suna da aikace-aikacensu a masana'antar gini da ado, masana'antar motoci, masana'antar fasaha, har ma da sojoji. Dangane da abubuwan da suka ƙunsa, ana iya raba gilashi zuwa gilashin quartz, gilashin silica mai tsayi, gilashin silicate na lead, gilashin sodium calcium, gilashin silicate na aluminum, gilashin borosilicate, gilashin potassium, da sauransu. Nau'ikan gilashi daban-daban suna da nasu amfani, kamar gilashin soda lemun tsami, wanda za a iya amfani da shi wajen kera gilashin lebur, kayan gilashi, da kwararan fitila; Ana amfani da gilashin silicate na lead a matsayin tsakiyar bututun iska saboda yawan danshi na ƙarfe, kuma ana amfani da shi don toshe radiation saboda gubar na iya toshe abubuwan rediyoaktif; Gilashin Borosilicate shine zaɓi mafi kyau ga gilashin kayan aikin gwaji na sinadarai saboda ƙarfinsa da juriyarsa ga lalata.

3. Makomar gilashi
3.1 Abubuwan da za a yi nan gaba na gilashin fasaha da gilashin ado
Wani babban fanni na amfani da gilashi na zamani shine gilashin fasaha da gilashin ado. Gilashi ya rabu daga kangin neman amfani da farko kuma ya fara bunkasa zuwa ga gyara. Bayan da gidajen gilashin suka tsiro kamar namomin kaza bayan ruwan sama, kayayyakin gilashi masu kyau sun fara fitowa, ciki har da masu riƙe kyandir na gilashi, kayan ado na gilashi, gumakan gilashi, har ma da manyan gumakan gilashi masu launi. Abubuwan da ke cikin gilashin fasaha sun kama daga motoci, gine-gine, da sassaka na tsakar gida zuwa ƙananan agogo, firam ɗin madubi, da wayoyin hannu. Hakanan ana iya amfani da gilashi azaman dutse mai daraja don maye gurbin lu'u-lu'u masu tsada. "Diamonds" da ake gani akan ƙananan kayan haɗi a yau galibi launuka ne daban-daban da aka yi da gilashi.
Shawarwari na na kaina game da ci gaban gilashin fasaha a nan gaba sune kamar haka:
1. Gilashin fasaha da gilashin ado ya kamata su daraja wahayi da kerawa, su bi ƙa'idodin ƙira na musamman, sannan su kawo wa mutane liyafa ta gani.
2. Inganta tsarin kayan gini na gilashin fasaha, rage farashi don faɗaɗa samar da gilashin fasaha.
3. Haɓaka ƙa'idodin masana'antu don tabbatar da ingantaccen ƙira da samar da gilashin fasaha, da kuma guje wa abubuwan da suka faru kamar gurɓatar kayan masarufi.
4. Haɗa fasahar zamani a cikin tsarin samar da gilashin fasaha da gilashin ado yana ɗaukar fasahar kera gilashi zuwa wani sabon mataki kuma yana inganta ci gaban masana'antu.
Gilashin fasaha da gilashin ado suna da ayyuka da yawa da kuma haɗin gwiwa don daidaitawa da yanayin zamani. Misali, gilashin ado da aka shirya ta hanyar haɗa ƙwayoyin hasken rana da bangon labulen gilashi masu launi ba wai kawai zai iya amfani da makamashin rana ba, har ma yana aiki azaman bango mara ɗaukar kaya da ayyukan ado, yana kashe tsuntsaye biyu da dutse ɗaya.

3.2 Gilashin Musamman
Ana amfani da gilashi na musamman sosai a fannoni kamar kayan aiki, sojoji, likitanci, na'urorin lantarki, sinadarai, da gini, kowannensu yana da nasa halaye. Kamar gilashi mai zafi (tare da ƙarfin da ke da yawa, ba shi da sauƙin karyewa, ko da ya karye, ba zai samar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kaifi waɗanda ke cutar da jikin ɗan adam ba), gilashin da aka yi da ƙarfe (wanda ba shi da haske, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi a wuraren da ke buƙatar maganin da ba a iya gani ba, kamar bayan gida), gilashin da aka yi da ƙarfe (wanda aka fi amfani da shi a masana'antar gini, ba shi da sauƙin karyewa idan aka yi masa rauni), gilashin da aka yi da ƙarfe (ingancin hana sauti), gilashin da ba shi da ƙarfi (gilashin da ke da ƙarfi sosai, zai iya toshe harsasai a ƙaramin gudu kuma ya tabbatar da aminci), da sauransu.

Gilashin musamman na borosilicate mai girma
Bugu da ƙari, sabbin nau'ikan gilashi daban-daban da aka samar ta hanyar haɗa sinadarai daban-daban suma suna da fa'idar amfani mai faɗi. Har da gilashin silica mai yawa, gilashin silicate na gubar, gilashin sodium calcium, gilashin silicate na aluminum, gilashin borosilicate, gilashin potassium, da sauransu da aka ambata a baya, gilashin ƙarfe mai tushen ƙarfe shima sabon nau'in gilashi ne wanda ke jan hankali a halin yanzu. Gilashin ƙarfe mai tushen ƙarfe abu ne mai rashin tsari wanda galibi ya ƙunshi kayan ƙarfe, ba tare da lahani na lu'ulu'u kamar jiragen sama, matsayi, da maki ba. Yana da kyawawan halaye kamar babban lanƙwasa, ƙarfi mai yawa, juriyar tsatsa, juriyar tasiri, da juriyar sanyi da zafi, kuma yana da fa'idar amfani mai faɗi a fannin haɓaka mai da iskar gas.