Gilashin Taska na Ƙasa: Godiya da Cikakken Bayani game da Kasuwar Tarin Gado da aka Hako

Ana amfani da tsoffin kayan gilashin da aka tono a ƙasar Sin a matsayin abubuwan binnewa a cikin akwatunan gawa, da kuma kwantena na tarihi da abubuwan da aka tanadar a cikin kayan tarihi na Buddha kamar su pagodas, haikali, gidajen sarauta na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ko gidajen sarauta na sama. Tun bayan ƙaddamar da addinin Buddha, yana da alaƙa mai zurfi da gilashi tun daga farko, kuma gilashi yana da matsayi na musamman a cikin addinin Buddha.

An tono kwantenan gilashi daga rubutun dutse na addinin Buddha na Arewacin Wei a Dingzhou, Lardin Hebei

Kalmar Sanskrit ta "gilashi" tana nufin dutse mai launin shuɗi, wanda ke nufin launin shuɗi mai zurfi na dutse mai daraja. Kamar launin shuɗin sama, tare da ingancin lu'ulu'u mai haske, saman da ciki suna da haske, kuma ciki da waje suna haɗuwa da juna. Buddha na Magunguna shine Buddha na Duniyar Gilashin Gabas Mai Tsarki. Buddha yana amfani da hasken gilashi mai haske don kwatanta kyawawan halayen Buddha a cikin kwatance, don haka Buddha na Magunguna kuma ana kiransa Buddha na Magungunan Gabas na Hasken Gilashi Mai Tsarki.

Daular Tang mai haske kore mai tsayi Kofuna na Gilashi An tono daga kogunan Senmushem da ke Kuche, jihar Xinjiang

A matsayin addini, komawa ga imani shine mafi mahimmanci. Domin jawo hankalin masu imani da kuma yaɗa Dharma, sufaye sau da yawa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙira da kuma fito da sabbin ra'ayoyi, al'adu, gine-gine, da kayan tarihi. Don rayuwa da gilashi, mutuwa ta fi muni. Sheli asali an fassara shi ne a Sanskrit na ƙasusuwan ruhaniya na Buddha ko ragowar su. A cewar "Littafin Wei na Daular Qi ta Arewa: Shi Lao Zhi," bayan rasuwar Buddha, an ƙone itace mai ƙamshi kuma an karya ƙasusuwan ruhaniya gunduwa-gunduwa, kowannensu ƙanana kamar hatsi. Ba a lalace su ba lokacin da aka buge su, ko kuma aka ƙone su, kuma suna iya samun tasirin allahntaka mai haske. Ana kiransu "Sheli" a cikin banza.

Ko dai kayan tarihi ne na ainihin jiki ko kuma waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu, muhimman abubuwa ne na hadaya da abubuwa masu tsarki, kuma dole ne a adana waɗannan abubuwan tsarki a cikin kwantena masu daraja. Kwantena masu tsarki a cikin tsoffin pagodas na Buddha a Indiya da Tsakiyar Asiya an yi su ne da kayan aiki kamar tukwane, itace, ƙarfe, dutse, da lu'ulu'u. Duk da haka, a China, kwantena masu tsarki da aka yi da gilashi sun bayyana. Dalilan wannan abu biyu ne: na farko, a zamanin da, gilashi yana da wuya kuma yana da daraja idan aka kwatanta da zinariya; na biyu, gilashi yana da haske sosai kuma yana da sauƙin daidaitawa, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace musamman don ajiya da nunawa.

An tono duwatsun gilashi daga haruffan dutse na addinin Buddha na Arewacin Wei a Dingzhou, Lardin Hebei

A halin yanzu, farkon wurin ajiye hasumiyar tarihi a China shine Wurin Pagoda na Buddha na Arewacin Wei da ke Dingzhou, Lardin Hebei. A cikin ƙasa mai katanga ta wannan hasumiyar, akwai ambulan dutse mai murabba'i mai murfin sama tun daga shekara ta biyar ta Taihe (481 AD). A cikin ambulan, akwai kayayyaki masu daraja da dama da iyalan sarautar Arewacin Wei suka adana, ciki har da kwantena bakwai na gilashi da dubban kayan ado na gilashi kamar bututu da beads.

An tono kwalaben gilashi kore daga Daular Sui daga tushen hasumiyar Haikalin Qingchan da ke Xi'an

An tono kwalbar gilashi kore mai siririn wuya da ciki mai siffar ƙwallo, mai tsawon santimita 8.4 da diamita santimita 7, daga tushen hasumiyar Haikalin Qingchan da ke Xi'an, wanda aka gina a shekara ta tara ta mulkin Kaihuang na Daular Sui (589 AD). Cikin yana da kayan ado guda huɗu masu siffar ƙwallo masu siffar ƙwallo masu siffar ƙwallo masu siffar ƙwallo masu siffar ƙwallo mai tsawon santimita 2.5, kuma kafadar kwalbar tana da kayan ado guda huɗu masu siffar ƙwallo masu siffar ƙwallo. Ana yin waɗannan kayan ado masu siffar ƙwallo da siffar ƙwallo ta hanyar niƙa su bayan an samar da abin, waɗanda suka samo asali ne daga fasahar sarrafa gilashin sanyi. Ana amfani da wannan kwalbar gilashi daidai don adana kayan tarihi.

An gina harsashin hasumiyar Haikalin Dayun da ke Jingchuan, Gansu a shekarar farko ta mulkin Yanzai (694 AD). Akwatin dutse na gidan sarauta na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana ɗauke da akwatin tagulla mai zinare, wanda ke ɗauke da akwatin gawa na azurfa. Akwatin gawa na azurfa yana ɗauke da ƙaramin kwalbar gilashi fari, wanda ke ɗauke da "kayan tarihi" guda 14. Wannan ya yi daidai da rikodin da ke cikin "Rubutu a kan Akwatin Dutse na Gidan Dayun da ke Jingzhou": "Sannan aka buɗe ɗakin bulo aka kuma samo akwatin dutse. Akwai kayan tarihi guda 14 a cikin kwalbar gilashi.

Tarin kwalaben gilashi na Jingyuan da ke cikin Dayun Temple Pagoda da kuma kayan tarihi na fadar ƙasa ta Gansu

An tono kayan tarihi na gilashi daga fadar karkashin kasa ta Haikalin Famen da ke Fufeng

A cewar tatsuniyar addinin Buddha, domin yaɗa addinin Buddha, Sarki Ashoka ya tattara kayan tarihi guda 84,000 daga tarin Sarki Ashikaga a cikin kwalba 84,000 na gilashi, murfin taskoki guda 84,000, da kuma kayan tarihi guda 84,000 masu launi. Ya kuma umarci fatalwowi da alloli su ƙirƙiri gidajen ibada na Buddha guda 84,000 cikin dare ɗaya kuma ya keɓe kayan tarihi guda 84,000 daban-daban. A wancan lokacin, Haikalin Famen yana da asali uku: haikalin fada, haikalin ƙasa, da kuma sanannen haikalin Buddha. Wuri ne mai tsarki na Buddha wanda iyalan masarautar Tang ke girmamawa. Tun zamanin Tang Zhenguan, an gudanar da ayyuka bakwai don maraba da aika ƙasusuwan Buddha. A shekarar 1987, an sake buga kayan tarihi na Buddha na Haikalin Famen, kuma an tono kayan tarihi guda 17, waɗanda dukkansu ana kyautata zaton kayan tarihi ne da dangin sarki suka adana.

An tono kwalaben gilashi daga Fadar Fari ta Daular Liao a Jixian, Tianjin

A lokacin daular Song da Liao, manyan mutane na gida da kuma shahararrun malaman addini sun yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen zana kayan gilashi masu daraja zuwa pagodas da haikali don neman cancanta. An tono kwalbar gilashi mai launin rawaya daga harafin dutse na Tiangong na Chaoyang North Pagoda a lardin Liaoning, mai tsayin santimita 16 da kuma siffar gaba ɗaya kamar tsuntsu mai lanƙwasa tare da diamita mai girman santimita 8.5. An yi wa wuyan kwalbar ado da waya mai launin shuɗi, kuma makullin da ke kan hannun an yi shi da gilashin shuɗi. An sanya bakin kwalbar da hular kwalba ta uwa da yaro ta zinariya, kuma akwai ƙaramin kofin madauri mai launin shuɗi a cikin kwalbar. Wannan kwalbar gilashi tana da siffa ta musamman da kuma bango mai siriri da haske. Gilashi ne na Musulunci da aka yi ta hanyar busawa. A matsayin tukunyar hadaya, an zagaye wannan kayan mai daraja zuwa babban cocin Buddha a zamanin Sarki Chongxi na Daular Liao.

An tono kwalbar gilashi ta Daular Liao daga Hasumiyar Chaoyang ta Arewa a Lardin Liaoning

An sake gina harsashin hasumiyar Haikalin Jingzhi da ke gundumar Ding, lardin Hebei a shekara ta biyu ta mulkin Taiping Xingguo a Daular Song ta Arewa (977 AD). Abubuwan tarihi da aka tono sun haɗa da kayan tarihi daban-daban da aka tattara aka kuma bayar don kayan tarihi tun daga shekara ta biyu ta mulkin Xing'an a Daular Wei ta Arewa (453 AD), har zuwa shekara ta biyu ta mulkin Daye a Daular Sui (606 AD), shekara ta goma sha biyu ta mulkin Dazhong a Daular Tang (858 AD), da kuma shekara ta biyu ta mulkin Taiping Xingguo a Daular Song (977 AD). Daga cikinsu, akwai kayan gilashi 37. An gina harsashin Hasumiyar Jingzhongyuan a shekara ta farko ta mulkin Zhidao na Daular Song ta Arewa (995 AD), kuma akwai kayan gilashi 34 a cikin akwatin dutse na fadar karkashin kasa. Waɗannan kayan gilashi sune mafi mahimmancin binciken kayan tarihi na tarihi na da. Gilashin Sinkayan aiki.

Rubuce-rubuce a kan kayan gilashi a kan tagulla na Sui da haruffan dutse na Tang daga Haikalin Dingzhou Jingzhi

Harafin dutse na Daular Sui, harafin tagulla mai zinare, harafin dutse mai siffar murfi, kwano na zinare da azurfa mai zinare, hasumiyar zinare da azurfa mai zinare, da kwalaben gilashi guda biyu masu launuka kore da fari da aka tono daga fadar karkashin kasa ta Haikalin Jingzhi Pagoda sun samar da tarin kwantena na tarihi, wanda ya yi daidai da rubutun "an tara sama da ƙasa, layuka bakwai a ciki da waje" a kan harafin tagulla mai zinare a shekara ta biyu ta Daye (606 AD). A shekara ta 12 ta Dazhong (858 AD) ta Daular Tang, rubutun dutse "Bayanin Binne Gawar Gaskiya a Haikalin Jingzhi da ke Dingzhou" ya rubuta: "Akwai taskoki bakwai da aka naɗe a kusa da hasumiyar azurfa a cikin harafin zinariya, kwalaben gilashi biyu a ciki, da ƙananan kwalaben fari da kore guda biyu suna bunƙasa." Wannan yana nuna kwalaben gilashi guda biyu mafi mahimmanci a cikin "launuka bakwai a ciki da waje". Har zuwa ƙarshen lokaci, shi ma samfurin Daular Sui ne.

An tono kofunan gilashi madaidaiciya daga Daular Sui daga fadar karkashin kasa ta haikalin Buddha a Dingzhou Jingzhi

A ƙarshen "Rubutun Jiki na Gaskiya", an rubuta: "Ƙaramin babban dutse da ke cikin babban dutse yana cikin Haikalin Tianyou, tare da kayan tarihi guda biyu da kwalaben ajiya guda huɗu: gilashi, zinariya, azurfa, da lacquer, an sanya su a cikin tsohuwar harafi a saman babban cocin." Kwalbar gilashi ta ciki ƙaramin kwalba ce mai haske mai murfi mai launin lotus, wacce ake amfani da ita azaman akwati na ajiya don sharar gida.

An tono tukwanen gilashi na kayan tarihi na Daular Sui daga fadar karkashin kasa ta haikalin Jingzhi

Wata kwalbar gilashi kuma za a iya cewa ta samo asali ne daga Daular Sui. Wannan kwalbar tana da shuɗin sama, mai haske kaɗan, tana da bakin alfarma da kuma cikinta mai ƙura. Tsawonta santimita 9 ne, diamitanta santimita 5.5 ne, kuma tana da matsakaicin diamita na ciki na santimita 8. Naɗe zare a kan kafada sannan a madauki a ƙafafunta.

An tono gilashin poppy daga Daular Sui daga fadar karkashin kasa ta haikalin Jingzhi na addinin Buddha Pagoda

Xiao Liang da Shen Yue na Daular Kudu sun rubuta "Masoyan addinin Buddha a cikin Daular Buddha a Daular Qi ta Kudu suna tafiya cikin haske da kyau": "Daga gajimare, za ku iya ganin Maitreya da dukkan Bodhisattvas. Duk suna da zinare, kuma akwai poppy gilashi mai haske a hannunsu..." poppy gilashi a hannun Bodhisattva taska ce, yayin da poppy opium kwalba ce mai babban ciki da ƙaramin baki, wanda shine siffar gargajiya ta Sin. Abubuwan da Bodhisattva ke riƙe da su a cikin zane-zane a cikin Kogo 225 na Mogao Grottoes na Dunhuang iri ɗaya ne da kwalaben gilashin Daular Sui da aka tono a cikin fadar ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta Daular Jingzhi, wato, poppy gilashi mai haske a matsayin taska.

An riƙe furannin poppy na gilashi a cikin Kogon Mogao mai lamba 225 na Dunhuang

Akwai kuma Kwano na Gilashi, kore mai haske, mai ƙasan katanga mai kyau, kauri na bango ƙasa da santimita 0.15, tsayin santimita 9, da diamita na santimita 15. Kwano mai siffar lotus da Bodhisattva ke riƙe da shi a cikin Kogon 328 na Kogon Mogao iri ɗaya ne a siffar.

Kwano na gilashin lotus da Bodhisattva ke riƙe da shi a cikin Kogon Mogao mai lamba 328

A zamanin daular Song, kwalbar gilashin da ke ɗauke da ruwan fure, wanda aka fi sani da turare, muhimmin kayan aiki ne ga kayan tarihi na Buddha. Kwalaben gilashi guda uku masu siririn wuya da aka tono daga fadar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin hasumiyar Jingzhi Academy duk kwantena ne na gilashi don adana turare.

An tono kwalbar gilashi da aka sassaka a zamanin daular Song daga fadar karkashin kasa ta haikalin Jingzhi

An tono sama da kwalaben gilashi arba'in da ƙananan kwalaben wuya daga tushe na gidajen sarauta guda biyu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, tare da launuka daban-daban ciki har da shuɗi mai haske, kore mai haske, launin ruwan kasa mai haske, launin ruwan kasa mai haske, da launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Waɗannan kwalaben gilashi duk samfuran Daular Song ne, wanda ke nuna cewa masana'antar kera gilashi ta cikin gida a Daular Song ta bunƙasa sosai idan aka kwatanta da Daular Sui da Tang, kuma tana iya samar da samfuran gilashi masu launuka daban-daban da kuma bayyana gaskiya.
An tono gilashin fure daga Daular Song daga fadar karkashin kasa ta haikalin Jingzhi na addinin Buddha Pagoda

Baya ga duwatsun gilashi masu mahimmanci a cikin kayan Buddha a lokacin daular Tang da Song, an kuma yi amfani da wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa da sauran na'urori da aka yi da gilashi a matsayin girmamawa ga Buddha. Halayen zahiri da ma'anar gilashi suma sun yi daidai da koyarwar. Akwai jimillar "'ya'yan itatuwa" guda shida da aka tono daga stupa a Lintong, Shaanxi, waɗanda ake kira "'ya'yan itatuwan Sutuohan" a cikin kalmomin Buddha. An lulluɓe su a cikin stupa lokacin da aka tono ƙasa; ƙwai na gilashi, faranti na gilashi, da sauransu galibi ana samun su a cikin kaburburan tarihi a matsayin abubuwan binnewa ko hadaya.

Farantin gilashi mai shuɗi mai siffofi da aka ɓoye a cikin fadar ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta Famen Temple

An tono faranti guda shida masu launin shuɗi tare da zane-zanen da aka sassaka daga fadar ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta Famen Temple, waɗanda duk an kiyaye su sosai kuma suna da kyawawan siffofi. An yi zane-zanen da aka sassaka a saman gilashi ta amfani da kayan aiki mai tauri da kyau fiye da gilashi bayan an yi su, mallakar fasahar sarrafa gilashin sanyi.

Farantin zinare mai launin shuɗi mai siffar ganyen Maple, mai diamita na 15.9, tsayi na 2.1, zurfin santimita 1.8, mai nauyin gram 132. Baki madaidaiciya mai lebe mai kaifi, ciki mara zurfi mai faɗi ƙasa, da kuma tsakiyar da ke da ɗan karkace. Shuɗi mai zurfi, mai haske. An yi wa tsakiyar farantin ado da tsarin ganyen Maple da zinare, yayin da rufin waje an yi wa ado da raƙuman ruwa da layukan diagonal, kuma an raba su da da'irori masu ma'ana.

Tsarin ganyen maple da aka zana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Famen Temple farantin gilashin shuɗi mai launin zinare

Wannan farantin gilashin da aka yi wa fenti da zinare ya dogara ne akan dabarun sassaka gilashin, yana jaddada manyan tsare-tsare da zinare don sanya farantin gilashin mai kyau ya fi kyau. A cewar bayanan da ke cikin jerin kayayyakin fadar karkashin kasa, waɗannan farantin gilashin da aka zana kyaututtuka ne na Sarki Xizong na Daular Tang kuma an sanya su a cikin fadar karkashin kasa ta Tibet a watan Janairu na shekara ta 15 ta Xiantong (874 AD).

An tono jimillar kayan gilashi 20 daga fadar ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta Famen Temple, daga cikinsu akwai kayan gilashin gida guda ɗaya kawai da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin shayi.

Fadar ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta Famen Temple tana ɗauke da kofunan shayi da tiren shayi

Kofin shayin gilashi rawaya ne mai haske, ɗan kore ne, mai haske sosai, diamita 12.7, tsayi 5.2, zurfin ciki santimita 4, kuma yana da nauyin gram 117; Launin tiren shayin gilashi iri ɗaya ne da na kwano. Ƙarfin da ke ƙasan teburin shayin iri ɗaya ne da na kwano. Girman da ke ƙasan teburin shayin iri ɗaya ne, tare da diamita na diski na 13.7, diamita na ƙafa 4.5, da tsayin santimita 3.8, wanda ke da nauyin gram 138, duka biyun an samar da su ne ta hanyar busawa ba tare da mold ba.

An raba kofin shayi da tiren shayi da gilashi

Rubutun da ke kan "Tsarin Tufafi" da aka tono daga fadar karkashin kasa ya nuna wannan saitin kofunan shayin gilashi a matsayin "kwano biyu na shayin gilashi Tuozi", wanda shi ma girmamawa ce daga Sarki Xizong na Daular Tang.

A zamanin daular Song da Liao, masana'antar kera gilashi ba ta da iko a kan masarautar, kuma an samar da shagunan sayar da gilashi na sirri. Kayayyakin gilashi masu inganci na yau da kullun sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, amma kayan gilashin da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke da ƙira mai sarkakiya da siffofi masu kyau har yanzu duniya tana daraja su sosai. Sau da yawa ana amfani da wasu taskoki a matsayin abubuwan bayarwa kuma ana tattara su a cikin gidajen sarauta na ƙarƙashin ƙasa.

Gidan Tarihi na Gimbiya Chen na Cikin Gida Mongolia da kofin gilashi

A shekara ta bakwai ta mulkin Liao Kaitai a Naiman Banner, Inner Mongolia (1018 AD), an tono gilashin guda bakwai daga kabarin binne Gimbiya Chen da mijinta tare. Ɗaya daga cikin kofunan gilashi masu cikakken manne yana da tsawon santimita 11.4, diamita na 9 da diamita na ƙasa na santimita 5.4. Yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu kuma mai haske, tare da wani Layer mai laushi a saman. Bakin yana da ɗan rufewa, diamita yana da silinda, kafadu suna kumbura, ciki yana ja da baya sosai, kuma ƙafafun zobe na ƙarya an haɗa su da madauri mai faɗi a baki da kafadu. Akwai makulli mai siffar kek a saman madauri, wanda wataƙila kayan gilashi ne da aka samar a ƙarni na 10 a kan tudun Iran.

Kwalbar gilashi mai siffar ƙusa ta madara a kan kabarin Gimbiya Chen ta Daular Liao

Akwai kuma kwalbar gilashi da aka gyara mai siffar nono, mai tsawon santimita 17, mai girman santimita 6, diamita na ciki na 9.5, da kuma diamita na ƙasa na santimita 8.7. Ba shi da launi kuma mai haske, yana da dogon wuya da ciki mai siffar mazurari. Yana da ƙafa mai tsayi mai siffar ƙaho kuma an yi masa ado da layuka biyar na ƙananan ƙirar nono a bangon ciki. Abu mafi ban mamaki shi ne cewa an yi riƙon kwalbar da layuka 10 na sandunan gilashi masu zurfi, wanda ke buƙatar masu sana'ar gilashi su fahimci lokacin da gilashin da ke narkewa mai zafi ke juyawa daga laushi zuwa tauri yayin sanyaya, kuma a hankali su haɗa shi da dabarun zamani don kammala aikin mai rikitarwa. Wannan kwalbar gilashin da aka yi da zanen ƙusa na madara wataƙila samfurin gilashi ne daga Masar ko Siriya.

Daga cikin gilashin da aka tono daga kabarin Gimbiya Chen ta Daular Liao, akwai farantin gilashi da aka sassaka mai diamita na 25.5 cm, diamita na ƙasa na 10 cm, da tsayi na 6.8 cm. Ba shi da launi kuma mai haske, tare da wani yanki mai laushi a saman, lebe mai zagaye a buɗe, zoben ciki mai lanƙwasa, da ƙafafu. An yi wa bangon ciki ado da ƙananan dala 28 masu kusurwa huɗu waɗanda aka goge da hannu da ƙafafun niƙa. Wannan farantin gilashin da aka sassaka yana da kyakkyawan siffa da ƙwarewar fasaha mai kyau. Wataƙila samfurin Daular Byzantine ne a ƙarni na 10 da 11, kuma taska ce ta musamman a duniyar da har yanzu take wanzuwa!

Farantin gilashi da aka sassaka daga kabarin Gimbiya Chen ta Daular Liao

Gilashin da ke cikin kabarin Gimbiya Chen ta Daular Liao sun fito ne daga Daular Byzantine da kuma duniyar Musulunci, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa sadarwa tsakanin Liao da Yamma ta fi gaban tunanin talakawa.

Shafawa a iska na dogon lokaci ko kuma ajiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya haifar da kauri mai kauri a saman abubuwan gilashi, wanda hakan ke sa su rasa halayensu masu haske. Saboda haka, tsohon gilashin da ake gani a yau ba shine asalinsa ba.

Kofin gilashi mai launin shuɗi mai haske daga kabarin Liao da ke Tuerji Mountain, Mongolia ta Cikin Gida