Tsohon 'Gilashin' na kasar Sin: Karni na Masana Tarihi na Tarihi Sake Rubuta Fahimta, Asalin Daular Zhou Ta Samu Ikon Samar da Gilashi

Idan ana maganar gilashi, ana kyautata zaton cewa mutanen China da yawa suna cike da nadama, domin tsohuwar Masar, Yammacin Asiya da Turai sun daɗe suna yin gilashi, yayin da China ta yi kamar ta yi shi a daular Ming da Qing. Saboda yawan amfani da gilashi, wasu marubutan littattafai kan yi tafiya a kan lokaci suna tsara dabaru don samun kuɗi ta hanyar yin gilashi a zamanin da.

Duk da haka, ba a san komai ba cewa binciken kayan tarihi a cikin ƙarni da ya gabata ya nuna cewa tsohuwar ƙasar Sin ba wai kawai tana da ikon yin gilashi ba, har ma da farkon Daular Zhou. Daga cikinsu, akwai ma Gilashin da ke bayyana kayayyakin da aka samo a cikin kaburburan dangin Cao Cao da kuma Haikalin Famen da ke Shaanxi a zamanin Daular Tang. Na gaba, bari mu yi magana game da gilashin kasar Sin na da ta hanyar akwatunan tarihi guda uku. Gilashin da ya gabata ya ƙunshi gilashi, amma ba wai kawai yana nufin gilashi ba.

Da farko, Daular Zhou ta riga ta sami damar samar da gilashi

Fitowar gilashi ba abu ne mai ban mamaki ba, a'a, wani abu ne da ya samo asali daga tsarin tukwane da ƙarfe, wanda ake tacewa kuma ake sarrafa shi zuwa samfuran gilashi masu alaƙa. Daga cikinsu, aikin ƙarfe wani abu ne da ake samu daga yin tukwane.

Saboda gaskiyar cewa gilashi abu ne mai rashin tsari mai kyau, ya bambanta da kayan lu'ulu'u kamar duwatsu masu daraja na halitta da kuma jade. Saboda haka, buƙatun zafin wutar lantarki ba su da tabbas, amma yana da ƙarfin lantarki a cikin wani takamaiman kewayon zafin jiki. Wasu masu amfani da yanar gizo suna da'awar cewa Yammacin duniya na iya samar da gilashi, don haka suna ɗauka cewa zafin wutar lantarki na iya narkar da ƙarfen alade, wanda ba daidai ba ne.

Tun daga zamanin Daular Xia, zafin wutar lantarki a kasar Sin ya riga ya kai digiri 1200 na Celsius, kuma ana iya harba faranti na asali. A lokaci guda, masana'antar tukwane a tsohuwar kasar Sin ta bunƙasa sosai, kuma masana'antar tagulla a Daular Shang ma ta bunƙasa sosai. Saboda haka, ba sabon abu ba ne ga tsoffin mutanen kasar Sin su iya ƙirƙirar gilashi, kodayake kayayyakin gilashin da aka gano a yau sun kasance a zamanin Daular Zhou. A cikin hoton da ke sama, kasar Sin tana da fasahar karafa ta yumbu mai ci gaba, wadda ke da alaƙa da ƙirar tagulla mai ci gaba kuma tana iya cimma zafin wutar tagulla mai girma da daidaito.

An tono fiye da kwalaben ido na gilashin dodon ruwa guda 100 mallakar gilashin sodium calcium silicate na gilashin daga kabarin Zeng Houyi da ke Suizhou, Hubei. Saboda haka, masana da yawa sun yi imanin cewa idon dodon ruwa na Zeng Houyi ya samo asali ne daga Yammacin Asiya. Amma kafin kwalaben gilashi na Zeng Houyi, misali, China ta riga ta sami gilashi, an saka gilashi a kan firam ɗin takobi na Sarki Goujian na Yue, wanda ke cikin gilashin potassium calcium silicate na tsohuwar China.

Bayan zamanin Yaƙin Duniya, China ta ƙirƙiro wani nau'in gilashi na musamman da ake kira gilashin barium silicate na gubar, wanda aka fi sani da "gilashin barium na gubar", wanda aka fi sani da shi a duniya a matsayin tsarin gilashi mafi ban mamaki a zamanin da a China. A cikin kaburburan Chu sama da 110 a Changsha, Hunan, an tono sama da guda 130 na gilashin jade, waɗanda suka haɗa da cong, zobe, bead, da bututu. Daga cikinsu, gilashin jade mai haske ne kuma an yi shi da gilashin barium na gubar.

Saboda haka, gilashi ba ƙirƙira ce ta Yamma ba, kuma Changsha ma tana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan farko da suka ƙirƙiro gilashi. Gilashin barium na gubar da ta ƙirƙiro ya bambanta sosai da gilashin sodium calcium a Yamma. Daga cikinsu, dalilin da ya sa China ba ta zama gilashin sodium calcium ba yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin kayan masarufi na sodium carbonate (as na soda na halitta) ga masu samar da fluxing, kuma ba shi da alaƙa da fasaha.

Daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1977, a makabartar Cao Clan da ke Bozhou, lardin Anhui, kusan shekara ta 170 AD, an tono gilashin roba guda biyar mafi tsufa a duniya da aka yi da gilashi mai faɗi da aka yi da roba. Wasu daga cikin gefunan suna da tsatsar jan ƙarfe, wanda ke nuna cewa waɗannan ruwan tabarau wataƙila an saka su a cikin firam ɗin jan ƙarfe.

Game da waɗannan ruwan tabarau guda biyar na gani, bincike mai dacewa ya nuna cewa: na farko, suna da babban haske, tare da ƙananan kumfa a ciki, da kuma kyakkyawan tasirin girma da mai da hankali, wanda ke nuna cewa mutanen da suka daɗe suna da ƙwarewar dabarun kera kayayyaki na zamani da wasu ilimin gani; Na biyu, labarin binciken da Li Can da Ma Yanru suka yi ya nuna cewa sinadaran da ke cikinsa ya bambanta da na gilashin lemun tsami na Western soda, kuma fasahar harbawa ta samo asali ne daga fasahar yumbu ta asali, inda aka kammala da cewa an yi ta ne a China.

A lokaci guda kuma, bayan Daular Han ta Gabas, tsarin gilashin kasar Sin ya sake canzawa. Gilashin barium silicate na gubar ba ya shahara, amma wani nau'in gilashi na musamman na kasar Sin ya fito, wato gilashin silicate mai yawan gubar, wanda a hankali ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gida. Gilashi A China.

Na uku, kofin gilashin Haikalin Famen a Daular Tang

An inganta haske da sheƙi na gilashin silicate mai yawan gubar, kuma ana iya busa shi. Saboda haka, bayan wani lokaci na tarin fasaha, ya shahara a lokacin daular Tang da Song, kuma kofunan gilashin Famen Temple suna ɗaya daga cikinsu.

A shekarar 1987, a gidan ibada na Famen da ke Fufeng, Baoji, Shaanxi, an tono kofin shayi da tiren shayi daga ɗakin baya na fadarsa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kofin shayin ya kasance mai haske tare da ɗan launin kore, kuma akwai ƙananan kumfa da aka rarraba a bango. Bango na ciki da na waje sun yi santsi kuma sababbi ne.

A cikin fadar karkashin kasa ta Famen Temple, an tono jimillar kayayyakin gilashi 20, daga cikinsu 18 suna da salon Yammacin Asiya, amma kofunan shayi da tiren shayin sun kebanta da kasar Sin kuma suna cikin kayayyakin gilashi da aka yi a kasar Sin.

Labarin "Wataƙila ba ku san cewa akwai gilashi a tsohuwar ƙasar Sin ba" wanda Global Network Finance and Science Popularization China ta ambata ya nuna cewa wannan gilashin siliki ne da aka busar da shi mai yawan gubar, amma gilashin siliki mai yawan gubar yana da matuƙar lalata ga narkewar guraye. Daga baya, an yi amfani da sinadarin potassium oxide don maye gurbin wasu gubar oxide don yin gilashin siliki na potassium, kuma "wannan nau'in gilashin ya fi shahara daga tsakiyar Daular Tang zuwa ƙarshen Daular Song."

Daga cikinsu, Daular Song tana da tarin kayan gilashi masu yawa, kamar su geese na gilashi, skewers na innabi na gilashi, kayan ado masu siffar tripod, kayan ado masu siffar ƙwai, tsinken gashi na gilashi, da kuma tsinken gashi na gilashi.

Gabaɗaya, kafin Daular Yuan, China ba wai kawai ta sami damar ƙera nau'ikan samfuran gilashi daban-daban ba, har ma ta ƙirƙiri nau'ikan gilashi daban-daban na musamman, waɗanda ba su yi ƙasa da na Yamma gaba ɗaya ba. Littafin Wei ma ya rubuta cewa kayayyakin gilashin gida a wancan lokacin suna da "kyau fiye da na Yamma". Idan muka duba ta fuskar fasaha da amfani da sabbin abubuwa, a bayyane yake cewa China ta zarce Yamma. Bayan Daular Yuan, masana'antar kera gilashin China ta ci gaba da bunƙasa, amma ba sai bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu ba ne ta faɗi a bayan Yamma.

A ƙarshe, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa ana iya yin gilashi a tsohuwar ƙasar Sin. Bayan haka, mutane da yawa sun ji labarin "gilashi mai launi". Gilashi wani nau'in gilashi ne mai launi. Saboda haka, ko da babu ilimin kayan tarihi, ana rubuta tsarin kera gilashin mai launi a cikin tsoffin littattafai, za mu iya sanin cewa ana iya yin gilashi a tsohuwar ƙasar Sin. Amma abin mamaki shi ne dalilin da ya sa mutane da yawa ke tuna cewa ba za a iya yin gilashi a tsohuwar ƙasar Sin ba, kuma sai bayan isowar masu wa'azin ƙasashen yamma ne ƙasar Sin za ta iya yin hakan? Wannan tambayar tana da matuƙar ban tsoro a yi tunani a kai.